Inspired by the human being created in many products developed by assets, wisdom bestowed upon him, thanks to features such as intelligence and reasoning, according to the needs of different instruments and tools produced. The computer is an indispensable tool in our age is undoubtedly one of these inventions. Accepted as the first computer, hand-made addition and subtraction (for the first time in BC 3000'li used by Babil'liler) abacus, calculator, speed per second in today's super computers capable of 1,750 trillion reached the account.

One of the most important inventions of human history as the invention of the computer-generated assets, which is one of the most-developed human modeled. How is the human, physical, and vitality to it that the soul consists of computer hardware and software consists of two main components.

Electricity came to work as long as the computer's power button is pressed, the survival of the electricity fails or the battery runs out does not work like a soul, the body (body) enters with life and goes to leave with his separation. Mental - physical relationship breaks down at the real life like the collapse of the hardware - software compatibility often, the computer does not crash (blue screen of falling) all along with the danger.

Hardware (Hardware)

Hardware (hardware), refers to the physical structure of the computer. Physical structure, a metal stack consisting of only the eye can see, hand dokunabildiğimiz parts; the same physical structure of man, his body, such as meat and bone formation. Your most basic hardware of a computer;

- Input units (keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone, etc.),

- Output units (display, printer, speakers, plotters, etc.),

- Central processing unit (CPU / CPU),

- The memory units (RAM, ROM, cache)

- Storage units (hard disk, DVD - ROM, etc.)

and consists of lines of communication between these units. All transactions are monitored, managed unit of the central processing unit (CPU) or processor with the name of the public in the language of the computer called the brain or heart.

The processor runs the programs and information about the program is stored on the memory modules. The processor needs the data capacity is low at first, but the front running very fast memory (cache memory) searches. Are we not like that? Searches for a drink or food in the refrigerator in the house first before looking for, we can not find go to the nearest grocery store. Here it is, in our house capacity is low, but access to high speed cache buzdolabımızdır. To access the processor cache, main memory (RAM) is much shorter than the access. If the information sought in the cache or memory, refers to the main processor. Main memory is a temporary storage area, information on power cut now lost. For this reason, computer programs to store more long-term and permanent storage units (hard drive, DVD-ROM, etc.) are used.

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin, the process of human memory, information processing of sensory memory (cache), short-term memory / working memory (RAM) and long-term memory (storage units) occurred in three phases to be similar to the model described by specifying the human memory. 2

We like computers at roughly the input birimlerimizle, sensory organlarımızla receive / perceive information that is the heart and brain to process the CPU / or output units, after reasoning (mouth, tongue, eye, etc.) send or storage units which store.

Software (Software)

Computers are used in all kinds of software programs (software) is called. In other words, software, hardware required to manage and use the name given to programs. Software, hardware and computer life-giving, life-saving programs. Yazılımsız a dead body is no different from a computer useless. How dull it (inanimate) is a function of the body can not talk about any, on any software / hardware is not installed in the program, can not go beyond being a metal stack.

Real life, spiritual and bodily life, a life to be shoulder to shoulder and Horsehead. The spirit and unity and harmony of body and soul to continue with the real life with real life-size münasebetinin degradation, such as the collapse of a computer, the hardware-software integration, and with good quality, is a super computer.

The relationship between software and hardware

The relationship between software and hardware can be expressed as follows. As can be seen in the figure, the person using the computer software and hardware dominates.

Developed specifically to perform any task, and users to perform these operations using special programs / software application programs are called. In fact, all the programs running on your computer (Word, Paint, game programs, Web browsers, etc.), each application program. Application programs / software (programming languages, office software, such as software packages) on the hardware to install and run Linux, Mac OS, Windows XP, Windows 7 as an installed operating system (system software) must be present. Operating systems / software installed on your system without it is not possible to run an application program.

The operating system installed on the human mind is like hardware, operating system, according to the level of intelligence to use your computer and make it easier to process, units are connected to your computer (fax modem, a DVD-ROM, printer, etc..) Steer, it is possible to realize programs on your computer to control and operations. The operating system, all programs are running, fairly, efficiently and without interfering with each other's resources, allowing to use the same hardware, application software and provides compatibility between hardware units.

Traffic police stood at a crossroads with limited roads, such as providing a number of tools used by the operating system running many programs at the same time, the disk, allows the use of hardware resources such as memory and processor.

Operating systems, including all the programs running on the computer / software have been written using a programming language.

Programming languages and their properties

A programmer can write commands using different programming languages​​. Of course, but with a programming language software / processes can be said that the programs will be developed and the computer. Perhaps the programming language as the people speaking the languages ​​have been developed. Today, many modern programming language, used by the Konrad Zuse'nin Plankalkül first programmable computer, under the leadership of Fortran language and was developed by IBM has found the field of application. The historical development of programming languages ​​FORTRAN, ALGOL, LISP, PASCAL, APL, SIMULA, CPL, ADA, Smalltalk, BASIC, PROLOG, C, such as jumping large stones, many are still today, albeit by changing shape. In addition to these more recently developed, these languages are the descendants of the can show Java, C + +, C #, Python, Ruby, Perl, Delphi, Visual Basic, PHP, such as the languages ​​in the scene they showed, and the programming language market the current major shareholders have become.

All of these programming languages can be divided into 2 groups according to human perception, or is close to the machine;

1. Lower-level languages ​​(assembly language)

2. Upper-Level Languages ​​(Visual Basic, Pascal, Delphi, Cobol, FoxPro, Java, C + + ...)

Human / high-level languages ​​are close to the programmer's perception of languages, the machine / computer is close to the lower-level languages

Man or a programmer (who knows the language speech) and computer (machine language-"1.0," who knows) Communication between two foreign statesmen together who do not know the language of each talk or speech dealing with this same logic. Suspecting that the talks between the two statesmen in the strange, but realized through an interpreter or translator. Similarly, computer manufacturers, the same problem with the computer machine language, translate the language of human speech, will interpret such a "program compiler or interpreter"

Like any other complicated electronic device, computer, unfortunately, may be in operation to fail. If you experience such problems have to seek answers to several questions. The most fundamental of them - it's diagnosis and identify the causes and factors that led to failure.

Large role in the diagnosis of faults is the very nature of their occurrence. Therefore, if the failure occurred during a work computer, but not near the expert, should be carefully written, like all happens, it will help greatly in the subsequent repair.

To control the computer capacity is useful at least once a week "drive" testing program like CHECKIT or NDIAG from the package Norton Utility. Usually it is sufficient to check the motherboard and memory. To control the accuracy of reading and writing to the hard drive handy tool NDD (Norton Disk Doctor). If the test detects any errors, you should immediately try to save (write to disk), the most important information from the hard drive and then proceed to a more thorough investigation of the problem.

In an era of ubiquitous Windows 98 PC in normal operation mode of Windows by itself is a good test, since Windows 98 (and especially Windows XP) is very heavy in virtually all components of your PC.

One of the frequent troubles - freezes the computer in carrying out any programs. Causes leading to the crash, a lot. This computer virus, and the overheating of any chips, and a violation of contacts at warm computer, and, more often, work with the poor quality programs.

For diagnosis of the computer, you must have write-protected boot diskette as simple configuration files (or disk), knowingly running an operating system and a universal testing programs (eg, SNESKIT or QAPLUS). If you boot from the floppy and rather long testing of various components of a computer all the tests pass, and freezing does not occur, the reasons for freezing almost uniquely in the software. Then you should check your computer every possible anti-virus programs, as well as utility Norton Disk Doctor. If NDD detects errors on the hard drive (for example, "lost clusters" or overlapping chains, or structure of a table of files (FAT)), you may need to reinstall the broken program. If violations are many, then, may have to go to extreme measure and reformat the hard drive.

The best way to test your PC to detect software hangs a temporary replacement hard drive with a known good software, and some complicated game with the DEMO-mode (for example, QUAKE). If your computer is capable of two hours 'drive' this game and does not hang, the processor and memory and video card in order. Then we have to deal with software on a native hard drive.

Another common "soft" reason for freezing are trying to make it work computer for limiting regimes, trying to squeeze maximum performance out of it. To this end, the utility SETUP set zero while waiting for the data read from memory and cache memory, the maximum system bus frequency, etc. Doing this should not be. Better establish the optimal configuration using the commands in the SETUP type "Load setup default" or OPTIMAL. However, after using these commands need to follow some necessary changes (usually setting LBA-mode for high-capacity hard drives in the page Advanted CMOS SETUP).

Quite often in the computer "flies" (garbled) installation utility, SETUP. This happens either because of the discharge supply batteries installed on the motherboard or from accidental causes (eg, high-frequency noise in power on or off the computer). In this case, the computer stops to "see" their devices: hard drive, floppy drives, etc. The screen is not when you turn on the message type:

"CMOS checksum failure", "CMOS battery state low"

or similar. To correct to "enter" in the SETUP utility and restore all the lost data. To make this easier to do, very useful in advance (normally running computer) written or printed by pressing PRINT SCREEN all pages SETUP.

The considered faults are simple and "treated" in software. Unfortunately, incidents and more not-nice problem. Describe all possible faults is not possible. Let us dwell on some of the most characteristic breakdowns,

So, if you load an operating system and the computer is able to somehow work, then the fault messages are defined using the very computer on the screen or using the test programs.

Hardware hangs related to problems of computer hardware and much more unpleasant. If you are running a PC with a bootable system diskette or knowingly "good" test the hard drive regularly receive an error message or a PC "hangs", the reasons for these failures in overheating or poor-quality paper chips.

First of all, it is necessary to ensure normal operation of the fan on the processor: if it rotates at all, not dirty, he is not inhibited if any wires or cables, close the radiator is adjacent to the processor. Then it makes sense to remove and reinsert the socket processor. Remove, clean eraser and back to insert the memory modules firmly inserting the BIOS ROM chip in the socket, and release mount the video card, removed from the expansion slot, and an eraser to clean and again, everything back into place. It is in the above compounds is sometimes a breach of contact.

If the boot does not occur, you should try to "enter" in the utility SETUP, make sure the correct settings in the first place, the types of floppy drives and hard drive, and then try to boot from a system diskette.

Sometimes the cause of frequent "hangs" is a bad cache-memory. To check to be shut off in the SETUP external cache. If after this procedure your computer is working fine, then the fault is in the cache-memory or too much clock speed of the motherboard. This usually happens with the 486 and the "old" Pentium-boards, where the cache memory can be replaced. On modern motherboards Cache is part of the cartridge processor (Pentium III, Pentium IV, etc.), and here the probability of failure is low.

In 2001, Microsoft released Windows XP is the successor of the two operating systems Windows 2000 and Windows ME. Although the newer operating systems Windows Vista and Windows 7 are already on the market longer, it may still be worthwhile to opt for a new installation of Windows XP.

First, you should check whether your computer meets the requirements for Windows XP. The minimum requirements for Microsoft to be a processor with 233 MHz, 64 MB RAM and given 1.5 GB free hard disk space. However, a processor speed of 300 MHz and a memory with 256 MB RAM or higher recommended. Of course, other components like a CD or DVD drive, SVGA graphics card and input devices like keyboard and mouse are required to work with Windows XP.

The actual installation process

First, place the original Windows XP CD into your CD or DVD drive and restart the computer. Now the Windows setup is loaded from the CD. In some versions appear during loading and the prompt to press any key to start the setup. After starting the Windows Setup blue screen appears. Setup will now load some drivers and installation software. After the process is complete, press the next screen, enter key. Confirm with F8, that you have read the license agreement. Next, you must select the partition where you want to install Windows. Normally, to the partition with the drive letter C should be chosen. If no partition exists, you can create using the E key, a new partition. It is recommended to use as file system NTFS. After this selection, now comes the actual installation process, which formats the partition, tested and described with the Windows files. Once this process is completed, it will restart and the graphical interface of the setup is started. The following entry forms, please enter your user name and change the date and time. The other window, you can confidently confirm with Next. Windows XP will search for the rest of the drivers for the components in your computer. If the latter is complete, you can click on "Finish" to complete the new installation.

After installation

The Windows installation is now complete. Now you can do within 30 days of the pending product activation. Important is that you perform to configure the Internet connection, a Windows Update to bring your newly installed Windows XP system up to date. Finally, you can re-install any missing drivers, recording the software you need.