Like any other complicated electronic device, computer, unfortunately, may be in operation to fail. If you experience such problems have to seek answers to several questions. The most fundamental of them - it's diagnosis and identify the causes and factors that led to failure.
Large role in the diagnosis of faults is the very nature of their occurrence. Therefore, if the failure occurred during a work computer, but not near the expert, should be carefully written, like all happens, it will help greatly in the subsequent repair.
To control the computer capacity is useful at least once a week "drive" testing program like CHECKIT or NDIAG from the package Norton Utility. Usually it is sufficient to check the motherboard and memory. To control the accuracy of reading and writing to the hard drive handy tool NDD (Norton Disk Doctor). If the test detects any errors, you should immediately try to save (write to disk), the most important information from the hard drive and then proceed to a more thorough investigation of the problem.
In an era of ubiquitous Windows 98 PC in normal operation mode of Windows by itself is a good test, since Windows 98 (and especially Windows XP) is very heavy in virtually all components of your PC.
One of the frequent troubles - freezes the computer in carrying out any programs. Causes leading to the crash, a lot. This computer virus, and the overheating of any chips, and a violation of contacts at warm computer, and, more often, work with the poor quality programs.
For diagnosis of the computer, you must have write-protected boot diskette as simple configuration files (or disk), knowingly running an operating system and a universal testing programs (eg, SNESKIT or QAPLUS). If you boot from the floppy and rather long testing of various components of a computer all the tests pass, and freezing does not occur, the reasons for freezing almost uniquely in the software. Then you should check your computer every possible anti-virus programs, as well as utility Norton Disk Doctor. If NDD detects errors on the hard drive (for example, "lost clusters" or overlapping chains, or structure of a table of files (FAT)), you may need to reinstall the broken program. If violations are many, then, may have to go to extreme measure and reformat the hard drive.
The best way to test your PC to detect software hangs a temporary replacement hard drive with a known good software, and some complicated game with the DEMO-mode (for example, QUAKE). If your computer is capable of two hours 'drive' this game and does not hang, the processor and memory and video card in order. Then we have to deal with software on a native hard drive.
Another common "soft" reason for freezing are trying to make it work computer for limiting regimes, trying to squeeze maximum performance out of it. To this end, the utility SETUP set zero while waiting for the data read from memory and cache memory, the maximum system bus frequency, etc. Doing this should not be. Better establish the optimal configuration using the commands in the SETUP type "Load setup default" or OPTIMAL. However, after using these commands need to follow some necessary changes (usually setting LBA-mode for high-capacity hard drives in the page Advanted CMOS SETUP).
Quite often in the computer "flies" (garbled) installation utility, SETUP. This happens either because of the discharge supply batteries installed on the motherboard or from accidental causes (eg, high-frequency noise in power on or off the computer). In this case, the computer stops to "see" their devices: hard drive, floppy drives, etc. The screen is not when you turn on the message type:
"CMOS checksum failure", "CMOS battery state low"
or similar. To correct to "enter" in the SETUP utility and restore all the lost data. To make this easier to do, very useful in advance (normally running computer) written or printed by pressing PRINT SCREEN all pages SETUP.
The considered faults are simple and "treated" in software. Unfortunately, incidents and more not-nice problem. Describe all possible faults is not possible. Let us dwell on some of the most characteristic breakdowns,
So, if you load an operating system and the computer is able to somehow work, then the fault messages are defined using the very computer on the screen or using the test programs.
Hardware hangs related to problems of computer hardware and much more unpleasant. If you are running a PC with a bootable system diskette or knowingly "good" test the hard drive regularly receive an error message or a PC "hangs", the reasons for these failures in overheating or poor-quality paper chips.
First of all, it is necessary to ensure normal operation of the fan on the processor: if it rotates at all, not dirty, he is not inhibited if any wires or cables, close the radiator is adjacent to the processor. Then it makes sense to remove and reinsert the socket processor. Remove, clean eraser and back to insert the memory modules firmly inserting the BIOS ROM chip in the socket, and release mount the video card, removed from the expansion slot, and an eraser to clean and again, everything back into place. It is in the above compounds is sometimes a breach of contact.
If the boot does not occur, you should try to "enter" in the utility SETUP, make sure the correct settings in the first place, the types of floppy drives and hard drive, and then try to boot from a system diskette.
Sometimes the cause of frequent "hangs" is a bad cache-memory. To check to be shut off in the SETUP external cache. If after this procedure your computer is working fine, then the fault is in the cache-memory or too much clock speed of the motherboard. This usually happens with the 486 and the "old" Pentium-boards, where the cache memory can be replaced. On modern motherboards Cache is part of the cartridge processor (Pentium III, Pentium IV, etc.), and here the probability of failure is low.
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